Áù¡¢¹ó½ðÊôÊг¡µÄÒ»°ã³£Ê¶(2)
£¨¶þ£©¾³Íâ»Æ½ð¡¢°×Òø¹ó½ðÊôÊг¡£¨½»Ò×Öƶȣ©½éÉÜ
Ä¿Ç°£¬¹ú¼ÊÉÌÆ·ÂòÂôÆÕ±é²ÉÓÃÁ½ÖÖÂòÂô»úÖÆ:Ò»ÖÖÊǼ¯Öоº¼ÛÂòÂô·½Ê½£¬ÁíÒ»ÖÖÊÇ×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈ(Market Maker Rule)¡£ÔÚ¹ú¼Ê¹ÉƱÊг¡¡¢ÆÚ´ûÊг¡¡¢Íâ»ãÊг¡¡¢¹ó½ðÊôÊг¡ÉÏ£¬×öÊÐÉ̽»Ò×ÖƶÈÓ¦¸Ã˵ÊÇÎÞ¿ÉÕùÒéµÄÖÐÁ÷ÀùÖùʽµÄ½»Ò×Öƶȡ£µ«×öÊÐÉ̽»Ò×ÖƶȶԹã´óÖйúͶ×ÊÕßÀ´½²»¹ÉÔÏÔÄ°Éú¡£
µ±½ñ£¬ÊÀ½çÉÏ×î´óµÄ»Æ½ð½»Ò×Êг¡ÊÇÔÚÓ¢¹úµÄÂ׶أ¬¶øÓ¢¹úÂ׶ػƽðÊг¡²¢Ã»ÓÐÖйúͶ×ÊÕßËùÊìϤµÄ½»Ò×ËùÒ»ÑùµÄ´éºÏ¾º¼Û½»Ò×ÖÐÐÄ¡£Â׶ػƽðÊг¡ÊÇÒ»¸öÓÉÖÚ¶à»Æ½ð×öÊÐÉÌ×é³ÉµÄÎÞÐÎÊг¡£¬ÕýÊÇÕâ¸ö“ÎÞÐÎÊг¡”¾ö¶¨×ÅÊÀ½ç»Æ½ðÊг¡µÄ¼Û¸ñ¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Â׶ػƽðÊг¡µÄÖڶཻÒ×ÓÉ×öÊÐÉÌÑϸñ±£ÃÜ£¬ÕæÕýµÄ½»Ò×Á¿ºÜÄÑͳ¼ÆÇå³þ¡£Ëæ׎üÄêÀ´»Æ½ðÊг¡µÄ»îÔ¾£¬Â׶ػƽðÊг¡½»Ò×ģʽµÄÏòÍâÀ©Õŷdz£Ñ¸ËÙ¡£¾Ý¹ÀË㣬ĿǰÓëÂ׶ػƽðÊг¡ÓÐÖ±½ÓºÍ¼ä½Ó¹ØÁªµÄ»Æ½ð½»Ò×½ð¶îÒѾԶԶ´óÓÚÿÖÜ50ÒÚÃÀÔª£¬Â׶ػƽð½»Ò×Á¿Õ¼ÊÀ½ç»Æ½ðÊг¡µÄ±ÈÖØÒѾ³¬¹ýÁË60%£¬Èç¹ûËãÉÏÈ«ÇòµÚ¶þ´ó»Æ½ð½»Ò×Êг¡——ËÕÀèÊÀ»Æ½ðÊг¡£¬ÄÇô»Æ½ð×öÊÐÉ̵Ľ»Ò×ģʽËùÕ¼µÄÈ«Çò»Æ½ð½»Ò×±ÈÖؾ͸ü´ó¡£
ÔÚÍâ»ãÊг¡ÉÏ£¬×öÊÐÉ̽»Ò×ģʽ¸üÊÇһͳÌìÏ£¬È«Çò¸÷¹úµÄÍâ»ã½»Ò׶¼²»Êǽ»Ò×Ëùģʽ£¬¼¸ºõÈ«²¿ÊÇÓÉÒÔÒøÐÐΪÖ÷µÄÍâ»ã×öÊÐÉÌÀ´Íê³ÉÅÓ´óµÄÍâ»ã½»Ò×Á¿¡£Íâ»ã×öÊÐÉ̳ýÁË´óÐÍÒøÐÐÍ⣬±é²¼ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØµÄÍâ»ã¶Ò»»¹«Ë¾ÉõÖÁ¾ÆµêÀïµÄÍâ»ã¶Ò»»µãµÈ¶¼ÊÇÒ»¸ö¸öµÄСÍâ»ã×öÊÐÉÌ£¬ÓÉÁÖÁÖ×Ü×ܵÄÍâ»ã×öÊÐÉÌ×é³ÉµÄÍøÂçÀ´Íê³É½ð¶îÅÓ´óµÄÍâ»ã½»Òס£
ÎÒ¹úµÄ»Æ½ðÊг¡½¨Á¢½ÏÍí£¬Õû¸ö»Æ½ðÊг¡ÌåϵÉв»½¡È«£¬Óë¹ú¼ÊÉÏ·¢Õ¹³ÉÊìµÄ»Æ½ðÊг¡Ïà±È´æÔڽϴó²î¾à¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÒªÍƽøÎÒ¹ú»Æ½ðͶ×ÊÊг¡µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ó¦¸Ã³ä·ÖѧϰºÍ½è¼ø¹úÍâ»Æ½ðÊг¡ÒÑÓеÄÔËÓªÐÎʽºÍ¸÷ÖÖ¼¼×ʹ¤¾ß£¬½áºÏÖйú»Æ½ðÊг¡ÏÖÓеÄÌõ¼þ¼°»ù´¡£¬Öð½¥ÍêÉÆÖйúµÄ¸÷Àà»Æ½ðͶ×ÊÊг¡Ìåϵ¡£
1.ʲôÊÇ×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈ
×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈÊǹú¼ÊÊг¡ÔËÓÃ×îÆÕ±éµÄÒ»ÖÖÂòÂôÖƶȡ£×öÊÐÉÌÓÖ³Æ×øÊÐÉÌ¡¢ÔìÊÐÉÌ£¬Ó¢ÎÄÃû³ÆΪMarket Maker¡£
Ëùν×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȣ¬ÊÇÖ¸ÔÚ½ðÈÚÊг¡ÉϾ߱¸Ò»¶¨ÊµÁ¦ºÍÐÅÓþµÄ»ú¹¹£¬ÔÚÆäÔ¸ÒâµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÒÔ×ÔÓÐ×ʽð¡¢Ö¤È¯»òÆäËû½ðÈÚ²úÆ·£¬²»¶ÏµØÏòÆäËû½»Ò×Õß±¨³öijЩÌض¨²úÆ·µÄÂòÈë¼ÛºÍÂô³ö¼Û£¬²¢ÔÚ±¨¼Û¼ÛλÉϽÓÊÜÆäËû½»Ò×É̵ÄÂòÂôÒªÇ󣬱£Ö¤¼°Ê±³É½»µÄÒ»ÖÖ½»Ò×·½Ê½¡£
×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈÔÚ¹úÍâ֤ȯÊг¡ÒÑÓнϺõÄÊг¡»ù´¡£¬±»Ðí¶à³ÉÊì֤ȯÊг¡ÆÕ±é²ÉÓá£Ä¿Ç°¹ú¼ÊµÄÒøÐмäÊг¡Ò²ÆÕ±é²ÉÓÃÁË×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȡ£ÔڻƽðÊг¡²ÉÓÃ×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȣ¬¾¹ý×öÊÐÉ̵ÄÕâÖÖʱ¶ÏʱÐøµÄÂòÂô£¬¿ÉÒÔ´ïµ½ÔöÇ¿Êг¡Á÷¶¯ÐÔºÍÂú×ãÊг¡ÐèÇóµÄÄ¿µÄ£¬½µµÍÊг¡ÏµÍ³ÐÔ·çÏÕ¡£Òò´Ë£¬×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȵÄ×î´óÓÅÊÆÔÚÓÚ±£³ÖÊг¡µÄÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ£¬Î¬³Ö¼Û¸ñµÄÓÐЧÐÔ£¬Ìá¸ßͶ×ÊÕß½»Ò×µÄЧÂÊ¡£
µ±½ñ£¬ÔÚ¹ú¼Ê½ðÈÚÊг¡ÉÏ£¬×öÊÐÉ̽»Ò×ÖƶÈÈÔÈ»ÊÇ»îÔ¾ÓÚÊг¡¾¼ÃÖеÄÖ÷Òª½»Ò×Öƶȣ¬Îª¸÷Àà´ó×ÚÉÌÆ·Óë»õ±ÒÐͽðÈÚ²úÆ·(ÈçÍâ»ã¡¢¹ó½ðÊô¡¢¹ÉƱÊг¡¡¢ÆÚ»õÊг¡)Ìṩ½»Ò×Á÷ͨÐÔµÄÖмáÁ¦Á¿¶¼ÊÇ×öÊÐÉÌ¡£×öÊÐÉÌÐÎʽÊdz£¼ûµÄÖ÷Á÷½»Ò×ģʽ¡£
2.×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȵIJúÉú
µ®ÉúÓÚÎ÷·½×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¹ú¼ÒµÄ×öÊÐÉ̽»Ò×ÖƶÈÑÓÐøÖÁ½ñÒѾÓм¸°ÙÄêµÄÀúÊ·£¬Òª±ÈÎÒ¹úͶ×ÊÕß¹ãΪÊìϤµÄ½»Ò×Ëù¾º¼Û´éºÏ½»Ò×ÖƶÈÔ缸°ÙÄê¡£×÷ΪһÖÖ֤ȯ½»Ò×Öƶȣ¬×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈÆðÔ´ÓÚÃÀ¹úÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡£¬ÆäÈ«³ÆΪ“È«ÃÀ֤ȯлá×Ô¶¯±¨¼Ûϵͳ”(NASDAQ)¡£
20ÊÀ¼Í60Äê´ú£¬ÃÀ¹ú¹ñ̨½»Ò×Êг¡ÓÉÅú·¢ÉÌ¡¢ÁãÊÛÉ̺Í×ÛºÏÀàÈýÀà֤ȯ¹«Ë¾×é³É¡£ÒÔ¹ÉƱ¾ÙÀýÀ´½²£¬¿ÉÒÔÉèÏë¼ÙÉèÔÚ¹ñ̨½»Ò×Êг¡£¬Í¶×ÊÕßJohnÒѾӵÓÐij¹«Ë¾µÄ¹ÉƱ£¬µ±ÐèÒªÂô³ö¹ÉƱ»ñµÃÏÖ½ðʱ£¬ÓÉÓڸù«Ë¾µÄ¹ÉƱÊýÁ¿·Ç³£ÉÙ£¬ºÜÉÙÓÐÈËÀ´ÂòÂô£¬¹ÒÅÆÂô³öʱ¿ÉÄÜûÓÐÈËÂò½ø£¬ÎÞ·¨´ï³É´éºÏ½»Òס£¶ÔͶ×ÊÕßJohnÀ´½²£¬½»Ò׵ķçÏվͺܴó£¬Õâ²¢²»ÊǹÉƱ¼Û¸ñµÄÎÊÌ⣬¶øÊÇÕâ¸ö¹ñ̨½»Ò×Êг¡½»Ò×ÇåµÎÞ·¨´éºÏ³É½»ËùÔì³ÉµÄ½»Ò×ʱ¼ä³É±¾°º¹óµÄÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ·çÏÕÎÊÌ⣬ÐèҪͶ×ÊÕß×Ô¼ºÀ´³Ðµ£¡£
ÈçºÎ½â¾öÕâÖÖ½»Ò×ÎÊÌâÄØ?ÃÀ¹úÖ¤¼à»áÓÚ1963Ä꽨ÒéÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡²ÉÓüÆËã»úºÍÔ¶³ÌͨÐż¼Êõ£¬ÒÔÌá¸ß¹ñ̨½»Ò×Êг¡±¨¼ÛÐÅÏ¢µÄ¼°Ê±ÐÔºÍ׼ȷÐÔ¡£1971Äê2 Ô£¬ÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡ÏµÍ³Ö÷»úÕýʽÆôÓ㬱êÖ¾×Å"È«ÃÀ֤ȯлá×Ô¶¯±¨¼Ûϵͳ" (NASDAQ) Õýʽ³ÉÁ¢¡£È«ÃÀÓÐ500¶à¼Ò֤ȯ¾¼Í×ÔÓªÉ̵ǼÇΪÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡×öÊÐÉÌ£¬2 500Ö»¹ñ̨½»Ò×Êг¡ÖÐ×î»îÔ¾µÄ¹ÉƱ½øÈëÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡µÄ×Ô¶¯±¨¼Ûϵͳ¡£500¶à¼Ò×öÊÐÉ̵ÄÖÕ¶ËÓëÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡ÏµÍ³Ö÷»úʵÏÖÁª½á£¬Í¨¹ýNASDAQϵͳ·¢²¼×Ô¼ºµÄ±¨¼ÛÐÅÏ¢¡£ÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡µÄ½¨Á¢£¬±íÃ÷¹æ·¶µÄ¡¢¾ßÓÐÏÖ´úÒâÒåµÄ×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȳõ²½Ðγɡ£°éËæ×ÅÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈÒ²ÈÕÒæÍêÉÆ¡£ÄÉ˹´ï¿ËÊг¡µÄ×öÊÐÉÌÖаüÀ¨Ðí¶àÊÀ½çÉÏ´óÐÍͶ×ÊÒøÐУ¬ÈçÃÀÁÖ(Merrich Linch)¡¢¸ßÊ¢( Goldman Sachs)¡¢ËùÂÞÃÅÐÖµÜ(Salomen Brother)¡¢Ä¦¸ùÊ¿µ¤Àû(Mogan Stanley)µÈ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈÒ²±»ÒÆÖ²µ½ÆÚ»õÊг¡¡¢»Æ½ðÊг¡ºÍÍâ»ãÊг¡¡£
×öÊÐÉ̽»Ò×ÖƶÈÖ±µ½½ñÌìÈÔÈ»ÔÚÎ÷·½½ðÈÚÊг¡Öз¢»Ó×ÅÖØÒªµÄ×÷Ó㬱ÈÈçÔÚÃÀ¹úÄÉ˹´ï¿Ë¹ÉƱÊг¡ÉϾͻîÔ¾×źܶàµÄ¹ÉƱ×öÊÐÉÌ£¬Ðí¶à¹ÒÅƹÉƱÓÉÓÚ½»Ò×ÊýÁ¿ÉÙ£¬ÎÞ·¨Íê³É´éºÏ½»Ò×£¬¶¼ÒªÇóÓɼ¸¼Ò×öÊÐÉÌÀ´Î¬³Ö¹ÉƱµÄ½»Ò×Á÷¶¯ÐÔ¡£Ò»¸ö×öÊÐÉÌ¿ÉÒÔͬʱ×öÊм¸¼Ò¹«Ë¾µÄ¹ÉƱ£¬Ò»¸ö¹ÒÅƹÉƱ¿ÉÒÔÓÐÁ½¼ÒÒÔÉϵÄ×öÊÐÉÌ¡£ÕâÑùµÄ½»Ò×ÖƶȶÔͶ×ÊÕßÀ´½²ÊÇ×îÓŵÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬Ê¹Í¶×ÊÕßÔÚͶ×ʹÉƱʱ½µµÍÁËÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ·çÏÕ¡£
3.×öÊÐÉ̵ÄÊÕÒæÓë·çÏÕ
×öÊÐÉÌÔÚ±£³ÖÊг¡µÄÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ¡¢Î¬³Ö¼Û¸ñµÄÓÐЧÐÔ¡¢Ìá¸ßͶ×ÊÕß½»Ò×µÄЧÂʵȷ½Ãæ×÷³öÁ˹±Ï×£¬µ«ÔÚ×÷³öÉÏÊö¹±Ï×µÄͬʱ£¬ÆäÐÐΪ±¾ÉíÒ²ÊÇΪÖðÀûËùÇý¶¯¡£×öÊÐÉÌÔÚ×öÊйý³ÌÖпÉÒÔ»ñµÃÒÔϼ¸¸ö·½ÃæµÄÀûÒæ:
(1)±¨¼Û²î¶îÊÕÒæ¡£
×öÊÐÉ̲»ÊÕÈ¡½»Ò×ÊÖÐø·Ñ£¬ÆäÊÕÒæÖ÷ÒªÀ´Ô´ÓÚÂòÂôµÄ¼Û²î¡£×öÊÐÉ̱¨¼ÛµÄÂòÈë¼Û¸ñÓëÂô³ö¼Û¸ñÖ®¼ä´æÔÚ¼Û²îÀûÒ棬×öÊÐÉÌͨ¹ý"µÍÂò¸ßÂô"·½Ê½»ñµÃµÄ±êµÄÎïÉÌÆ·»ò֤ȯµÄÂòÂô¼Û¸ñ²îÊÇ×öÊÐÉ̵ÄÊÕÒæÀ´Ô´Ö®Ò»¡£
(2)½»Ò×Ó¶½ð¡£
Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚһЩ´ó×ÚÉÌÆ·»ò½»Òײ»»îÔ¾µÄ֤ȯƷÖÖÖУ¬ÓÐЩ×öÊÐÉÌ°´Ò»¶¨±ÈÀýÔ¼¶¨£¬Ïò¿Í»§ÊÕÈ¡½»Ò×Ó¶½ð¡£ÔÚ½»Ò×Á¿´ó¡¢½»Ò×Ƶ·±µÄ´óÐÍ֤ȯ»ò±êµÄÉÌÆ·ÖУ¬×öÊÐÉÌÒ»°ã²»ÔÙÊÕÈ¡½»Ò×ÊÖÐø·Ñ£¬±ÈÈçÔÚÍâ»ã½»Ò×ÖУ¬×öÊÐÉÌÒ»°ã²»ÔÙÁíÍâÊÕÈ¡½»Ò×·Ñ£¬×öÊÐÉÌͨ¹ýµ÷½ÚÂòÂô±¨¼Û²îµÄ´óСÀ´»ñµÃÊÕÒæ¡£
(3)Êг¡¼Û¸ñ²¨¶¯µÄ·çÏÕÊÕÒæ¡£
ÔÚ³ÉÊìÊг¡£¬Êг¡¼Û¸ñ²»ÊÇij¸ö×öÊÐÉÌËùÄܵ¥¶À¾ö¶¨µÄ£¬ÓÉÖÚ¶àÒòËع²Í¬¾ö¶¨¡£µ±×öÊÐÉÌ°´µÍ±¨¼ÛÂòÈë±êµÄÉÌÆ·ºó£¬²»Ò»¶¨ÂíÉÏÒԸ߼ÛÂô¸ø¿Í»§£¬Í¨³£ÐèÒª³ÖÓÐÒ»¶Îʱ¼ä¡£ÔÚÕâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¾Í´æÔÚ¼Û¸ñ²¨¶¯µ¼ÖµķçÏÕºÍÊÕÒæ¡£
Èç¹û¿Í»§Âô³öÉÌÆ·»ò֤ȯ¸ø×öÊÐÉÌ£¬×öÊÐÉÌÂòÈ˺óûÓм°Ê±Âô³ö£¬´Ë½×¶ÎÊг¡¼Û¸ñ·¢Éú±ä»¯:¼ÙÉè¼Û¸ñÉÏÕÇ£¬×öÊÐÉÌÒÔ¸ü¸ßµÄ¼Û¸ñÂô³ö£¬¾Í¿É»ñµÃ¶îÍâµÄͶ×ÊÊÕÒ棬ÕâÊÇÊг¡¶Ô×öÊÐÉ̳е£Êг¡·çÏյĽ±Àø;¼ÙÉèÊг¡¼Û¸ñ³öÏÖϵø£¬×öÊÐÉÌÖ»ÄÜÒÔ¸üµÍµÄ¼Û¸ñÂô³ö£¬³öÏÖÂòÂô¼Û²î¿÷Ëð£¬ÕâÊÇÊг¡¶Ô×öÊÐÉÌûÓгä·ÖѸËÙÂÄÐн»Ò׵ijͷ£¡£
(4)Êг¡·çÏÕºÍÊÕÒæ¡£
×öÊÐÉÌÖƶȵÄÄÚÔÚ±ØÈ»ÐÔ¾ö¶¨ÁËÊг¡¼Û¸ñ²¨¶¯²úÉúµÄÀûÒæÓë·çÏÕÊÇÓÉ×öÊÐÉÌ×Ô¼ºÀ´¾ö¶¨µÄ£¬ÇÒ×öÊÐÉÌÒªÓÃ×ÔÓÐ×ʽðºÍ×ÔÓÐ֤ȯµÈ±êµÄÎïÀ´×öµ£±££¬ËùÒÔÊг¡¼Û¸ñ²¨¶¯²úÉúµÄÀûÒæÓë·çÏÕ¶¼ÓÉ×öÊÐÉÌ×Ô¼º³Ðµ£¡£
ÓÉÓÚÊг¡¼Û¸ñ²¨¶¯µÄ²»¿ÉÔ¤²âÐÔ£¬ÀíÂÛÉÏ×öÊÐÉ̳е£µÄ·çÏÕÓëÊÕÒæÊǵÈͬµÄ¡£×öÊÐÉ̶ÔÊг¡ÅжÏÕýÈ·¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃÊÕÒ棬ÅжϴíÎóÔòÒª³Ðµ£Ëðʧ¶þ×öÊÐÉÌÖƶÈÐγɳõÆÚ£¬×öÊÐÉÌÖ÷Ҫͨ¹ýÂòÂô֤ȯµÄ¼Û²îÀ´ÃÖ²¹³É±¾»òʵÏÖÓ¯Àû¡£Ëæ×Å×öÊÐÉÌÖ®¼äµÄ¾ºÕùÔ½À´Ô½¼¤ÁÒ£¬Ë«±ß±¨¼ÛµÄ²î¶îÔ½À´Ô½Ð¡£¬×öÊÐÉ̼¸ºõÄÑÒÔͨ¹ý±¨¼Û²úÉúÓ¯Àû£¬Ä¿Ç°Ðí¶à×öÊÐÉÌÔò¸ü¶à¿¼ÂÇÈçºÎÀûÓÃ×öÊÐÉÌËù¾ßÓеĽϸßÊг¡ÐÅÓþ£¬ÔÚÆäËûÒµÎñ(±ÈÈç´úÀí¡¢³ÐÏúÒµÎñ)ÉÏÎüÒý¸ü¶àµÄ¿Í»§À´ÃÖ²¹ÔÚ×öÊÐÒµÎñÉϵÄÊÕÒæ²»×ã¡£